The evolving role of MUC16 (CA125) in the transformation of ovarian cells and the progression of neoplasia

Abstract MUC16 (the cancer antigen CA125) is the most commonly used serum biomarker in epithelial ovarian cancer, with increasing levels reflecting disease progression. It a transmembrane glycoprotein multiple isoforms, undergoing significant changes through metastatic process. Aberrant glycosylation and cleavage overexpression of small membrane-bound fragment consist MUC16-related mechanisms that enhance malignant potential. Even knockdown can induce an aggressive phenotype but also increase susceptibility to chemotherapy. Variable functions help cells avoid immune cytotoxicity, survive inside ascites form metastases. This review provides comprehensive insight into transformations interactions, description activated oncogenic signalling pathways, adds new elements on role its differential glycosylation. By following journey molecule from pre-malignant states advanced stages it demonstrates behaviour, relation phenotypic shifts progression cancer. Additionally, presents proposed differences structure normal/benign conditions malignancy.